Выделения яда
В ходе эволюции семьи у пчел сформировалась и достигла высокого совершенства система защиты гнезда. Для защиты своего жилища от различных врагов медоносные пчелы имеют жалоносный аппарат, основными элементами которого являются жало и две ядовитые железы - большая и малая.
Все части жалоносного аппарата действуют как одно целое, несмотря на сложность его строения (в его состав входит более 20 частей). Все основные части жала группируются вокруг двух отделов: подвижного и неподвижного.
Молодые пчелы, только что вышедшие из ячеек, запаса яда в резервуаре не имеют и агрессивных форм поведения ни к чужим пчелам, ни к матке не проявляют. Со 2-го дня жизни железы начинают продуцировать яд. К 18-суточному возрасту в резервуаре ядовитой железы молодой пчелы накапливается максимальное количество яда, после чего секреторные клетки дегенерируют. У пчел в возрасте старше 20 дней способность к образованию яда исчезает. Таким образом, ко времени перехода рабочих пчел на сторожевую службу деятельность ядовитых желез полностью прекращается. Готовый яд все время хранится в резервуаре железы.
В большинстве случаев сторожевая пчела погибает после ужаления, израсходовав сразу весь запас яда. В этом и состоит целесообразность атрофии железистых клеток после того, как резервуар ядовитой железы заполнится.
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